Five Patrols, One Typhoon

Authors: Ethan Connell & TSM Staff

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KEY FINDINGS

• Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense documented 232 PLA aerial sorties around the island in October 2026, with 159 entering the Air Defense Identification Zone. The total fell 9% from September’s 255, and sat 27% below October 2025’s 318 and 57% below October 2024’s 543. The ten-month sequence: 270, 190, 173, 229, 274, 208, 260, 173, 255, 232.
• The PLA conducted five joint combat readiness patrols, the most in any month this year: October 6 (14 aircraft), October 9 (21), October 14 (15), October 20 (29, with a long-range flight that included H-6 aircraft) and October 31 (32). Patrol days carried 111 of the month’s 232 sorties, 48%. Seven days registered no aircraft: three in the National Day holiday week and four from October 21 to 24, when Typhoon Champi approached.
• PLAN vessel detections averaged 6.4 per day, the lowest monthly average of 2026, and peaked at 10 on October 14. Official and government-ship detections reached 165, the highest monthly total of the year. No allied warship transited the Taiwan Strait in October, and New Zealand’s September 18 transit remains the latest.
• The Coast Guard Administration documented 12 PRC government-vessel incursions in four areas, tying June for the most in a month this year: four at Kinmen, four at Dongsha, two east of Taiwan and two southwest of Taiwan. Three of the five patrol days (October 9, 20 and 31) coincided with an incursion, and on October 31 the China Coast Guard announced a “regular law-enforcement patrol” east of Taiwan by a formation built around CCG 1308 Hushi. Cumulative 2026 incursions reached 66.

Air Activity: Five Patrols, Two Gaps

Taiwan’s MND detected 232 PLA sorties in October, down 23 from September’s 255. That made October the fifth-busiest month of 2026, behind May (274), January (270), July (260) and September (255). 69% of sorties entered the ADIZ (159 of 232), against 71% in September. Median-line crossings totaled 137, 59% of sorties, on 16 of the month’s 31 days.

The month ran in three phases. The first opened with six and five aircraft on October 1 and 2, then three zero-detection days from October 3 to 5, the middle of PRC National Day holiday week. The second phase began with the October 6 patrol and ran for fifteen straight days with aircraft, through October 20. It carried four patrols: 14 aircraft on October 6, 21 on October 9, 15 on October 14, and 29 on October 20. Between them, the daily count ran from two to 14, with 12 on October 10, the day of President Lai Ching-te’s National Day address, and 14 on October 19. The third phase followed Typhoon Champi. No aircraft appeared from October 21 to 24; flights resumed with three on October 25, and the count climbed to 13 on October 30 and 32 on October 31.

MND announced each patrol in a press release, and the release counts run at or below the full-day counts used here. The five patrols began at 14:54 on October 6 (14 aircraft, nine across the median line), 08:52 on October 9 (19 aircraft), 09:30 on October 14 (13 aircraft, including J-16, J-11, Su-30 and JH-7 fighters and Y-8 electronic warfare aircraft), 10:43 on October 20 (27 aircraft, 21 across the line) and 13:15 on October 31 (22 aircraft, 18 across the line, including J-10 and J-16 fighters, KJ-500 aircraft and Y-20 tankers). MND paired the October 20 patrol with a long-range flight that included H-6 aircraft. The full October 31 day counted 32 aircraft and 26 median-line crossings, which ties June 3 as the fourth-highest day of 2026, behind February 12 (42), March 17 (36) and January 15 (34).

Figure 1. Daily PLA aerial activity around Taiwan, October 2026. Gold stars mark joint combat readiness patrols on October 6, 9, 14, 20 and 31; the shaded band marks the October 21–24 typhoon lull; gray columns denote zero-detection days.

A Month Without a Named Exercise

Beijing answered Lai’s October 10 speech in words. The Taiwan Affairs Office replied on October 10, the PRC defense ministry on October 11, the foreign ministry on October 12, and the Taiwan Affairs Office again on October 14. The defense ministry spokesperson called the PLA’s routine training around the island “natural and justified.” No Eastern Theater Command statement on any of the five patrols was identified, and no named exercise was announced in October. The October 9 patrol began the morning before the speech, and the October 14 patrol fell on the day of the Taiwan Affairs Office’s second response.

Three other events bear on the numbers; China’s Maritime Safety Administration issued no-sail notices for live-fire drills from October 12 to 17 in five areas, the nearest 159 nautical miles from Taiwan, and the daily counts that week ran 5, 9, 15, 8, 9, 2 and 5, so the drills did not add to activity near the island. Japan’s Joint Staff reported that the Liaoning carrier group moved south through the East China Sea on October 13, passed between Okinawa and Miyako on October 14 and headed for the South China Sea by October 15. MND’s PLAN count peaked at 10 on October 14, the patrol day, and stood at nine the next day, but MND does not identify the ships it counts. Then Typhoon Champi arrived. MND opened its disaster response center at the highest level on October 22; the aircraft count sat at zero from October 21 to 24, and the PLAN count fell to three and then one, matching the low of July 10 and 11.

The month’s last two days carried one message across three domains. Last year Beijing designated October 25 as Taiwan Restoration Day, and the Taiwan Affairs Office and foreign ministry had argued on October 12 and 14 that Taiwan’s return to China is part of the postwar order. On October 30, the China Coast Guard broadcast over radio inside Kinmen waters, according to Taiwan media, that Taiwan’s restoration and unification are a historic cause. The October 31 patrol followed the next day, and the coast guard announced its patrol east of Taiwan the same day, a claim the foreign ministry had previewed on October 12 when it said China has an exclusive economic zone and continental shelf east of the island. No new U.S. arms sales to Taiwan were notified during the month.

Monthly Trajectory: A Milder Dip

September restored the year’s sawtooth pattern, and October kept it going. The sequence now reads 270, 190, 173, 229, 274, 208, 260, 173, 255, 232. Since May, each month has reversed the direction of the one before: June fell 66 sorties, July rose 52, August fell 87, September rose 82, and October fell 23. October’s dip is the smallest of the three declines. The month had aircraft on 24 days and put 48% of its sorties on five patrol days, which averaged 22 aircraft, in line with September’s four.

The year-on-year gap narrowed, as well. October 2025 recorded 318 sorties, the lowest month of that year, and October 2024 recorded 543, a figure that includes the 153 aircraft MND counted on October 14, 2024, during Joint Sword-2024B. Without that day, October 2024 would have recorded 390. This October is 27% below 2025 and 57% below 2024 (41% below it without the exercise day). Median-line crossings show the same ordering: 137 this October against 222 in 2025 and 366 in 2024. Through October, 2026 has logged 2,264 sorties, about half of the 4,569 recorded in the same ten months of 2025. Every month of 2026 has run below the same month of 2025.

Figure 2. Monthly PLA aerial activity sortie totals, 2024–2026. October 2026 slips from September’s rebound and continues the year’s sawtooth pattern, well below 2024 and 2025.

At Sea: A Light Fleet, a Heavy Constabulary

PLAN detections averaged 6.4 vessels per day, the lowest monthly average of 2026. The typhoon days account for the low end: counts of three and one on October 22 and 23 pulled the average down, and outside those two days the count never fell below five. Patrol days averaged 7.4 vessels. The high of 10 came on October 14, followed by nine on October 15. The naval presence again moved less than the air.

Official and government-ship detections totaled 165, up from September’s 114 and above August’s 160, the highest monthly total of 2026. The count started at 32 over the first four days (8, 7, 8 and 9), fell to one on October 6 and 7 as the holiday week ended, and climbed back to nine on October 17, 18, 20 and 25. It fell again to one on October 27 through 29 before the month’s last patrol.

No allied warship transited the Taiwan Strait in October. The sixth transit of 2026 remains the New Zealand frigate HMNZS Te Mana and replenishment oiler HMNZS Aotearoa on September 18. October is the fourth month of the year without a transit, after March, July and August.

Figure 3. PLAN vessel and official-ship detections around Taiwan, October 2026. Dotted gold lines mark joint combat readiness patrols; no allied Strait transit occurred in the month.

Coast Guard Gray Zone Operations

The Coast Guard Administration documented 12 PRC government-vessel incursions in October, tying June for the most in a month this year and up from September’s seven. The tracker now stands at 66 incursions for 2026. At Kinmen, the same four-ship formation, hulls 14608, 14531, 14607 and 14529, made four incursions. On October 9, it entered restricted waters in two groups, east and southwest of Liaoluo, at about 09:10 and left by 11:13, 18 minutes after MND’s patrol start time. On October 13, it entered in single file south of Lieyu at 08:52 and left at 11:08. On October 30, it approached twice, around 08:00 and 14:00, leaving at 11:03 and about 17:00, a two-incursion day like September 8.

Dongsha produced four incursions and the month’s longest standoffs. CCG 3301 and 3303 entered restricted waters at 15:34 on October 16 and were still circling the island on October 18, when CGA cutters pushed them outside restricted waters around noon. CCG 3102 entered on October 20 with its AIS transponder switched off, and a standoff with the CGA cutter Taichung lasted more than six hours. On October 31, the same hull entered from the west at about 04:00 with its AIS off, and CGA patrol vessel No. 7 held it at about one nautical mile. The CGA says it has expelled CCG vessels from Dongsha waters 13 times this year, involving 16 ship-sorties.

October 18 brought four incursions in four places at once. The survey ship Tansuo 3 entered restricted waters east of Hualien, and the survey ship Beidiao 996 entered southwest of Eluanbi, Pingtung, drawing 12 radio warnings before it turned away. Southwest of Kaohsiung, the survey ship Haiyang Dizhi 8 and a Chinese steel-hulled fishing boat interfered with the Taiwanese fishing boat Wan Fa Cheng 11, and the CGA cutter Pingtung went to its aid. The fourth was the Dongsha circling.

East of Taiwan, the patrol line produced a statement as well as a position. On October 31, the China Coast Guard said a formation it named for CCG 1308 Hushi had begun a “regular law-enforcement patrol” east of Taiwan and had tightened control of nearby waters since October. The CGA tracked CCG 1308 and CCG 2303 Meishan, assigned the cutter Ji’an to monitor them, called the patrol “fake law enforcement, real harassment,” and said Taiwan holds sovereign rights and jurisdiction in its eastern exclusive economic zone. The CGA did not say whether the formation replaced the Zhujiajian formation that held the station by September 29. If it did, this is the fifth formation on the line since June.

Figure 4. CCG incursions into Taiwan’s near seas, January–October 2026, by location. October ties June for the most incursions in a month and adds a named formation east of Taiwan.

The Full Picture: Multi-Domain Overview

Figure 5. January–October 2026 multi-domain PLA activity: air sorties, naval presence, and CCG incursions. Inverted triangles atop the air panel mark allied warship transits of the Taiwan Strait (United States, January 16; Australia, February 20; Japan, April 17; Canada, May 22; Netherlands, June 5; New Zealand, September 18).

October split the picture by domain. The air tempo came in below September and sat in the middle of the year’s range, the PLAN presence thinned to its lowest average, and the constabulary side ran at its heaviest. Official ships set a 2026 high, and CCG incursions matched one. Three of the five patrol days (October 9, 20 and 31) fell on a day with a CCG incursion, and a fourth, October 14, followed a Kinmen entry by a day. In September, no patrol day coincided with an incursion. In October, three did.

The month’s shape matters more than its total. The patrol-day counts ran 14, 21, 15, 29 and 32, and on October 31 the coast guard added a public claim to its presence east of Taiwan. The typhoon removed four days from the middle of the month, and the pattern resumed on the other side of it. The timing is consistent with coordination between the patrols and the coast guard, though neither the PLA nor the CCG has said so. It also fits the year’s broader pattern: lower volume in the air, but not a quieter picture at sea.

Figure 6. October air activity year-over-year: total sorties and median-line crossings, 2024–2026.

Methodology & Sources

Air and naval detection data are drawn from daily reports issued by Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense. Each day in this report covers the MND reporting window from 06:00 that day to 06:00 the next (Taiwan time), so October figures come from reports posted October 2 through November 1. January–August figures are taken from the PLA Activity Center database maintained by the Taiwan Security Monitor; September and October figures are compiled directly from the MND reports, with the Chinese-language reports taken as the record where the English text omits the median-line wording (October 6). ADIZ entries are the aircraft MND reports as entering Taiwan’s ADIZ; median-line crossings are the subset that the MND reports as crossing the median line. Joint combat readiness patrols are those announced in MND press releases; patrol-day counts use the full daily window, so they can exceed the figure in the press release. Comparisons with 2024 and 2025 use the Taiwan Security Monitor’s comprehensive PLA activity tracker, with days missing from it filled from the historical PLAAF activity series; the October 2024 and 2025 figures cited in the text were re-derived day by day from MND’s archived reports. The October 2024 crossing count excludes four ADIZ entries on October 30, 2024 that did not cross the median line. Coast Guard incident data are compiled from Coast Guard Administration press releases (cga.gov.tw) and verified against contemporaneous media reporting; the October 30 and 31 incidents were confirmed in Taiwanese news reports of the CGA releases. Allied Taiwan Strait transit records are drawn from the Taiwan Strait Transit Tracker maintained by the Taiwan Security Monitor and contemporaneous reporting. “ADIZ” denotes Taiwan’s Air Defense Identification Zone; “median line” refers to the informal centerline of the Taiwan Strait historically observed by both sides; “JCRP” denotes Joint Combat Readiness Patrols as designated by Taiwan’s MND. All analysis and commentary are by the Taiwan Security Monitor.

© 2026 Taiwan Security Monitor. All rights reserved.

Surge Before the Summit

Authors: Ethan Connell & TSM Staff

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KEY FINDINGS

• Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense documented 255 PLA aerial sorties around the island in September 2026, with 181 entering the Air Defense Identification Zone. The total rose 47 percent from August’s 173, the largest month-on-month gain of the year, but sat 43 percent below September 2025’s 444. The nine-month sequence: 270, 190, 173, 229, 274, 208, 260, 173, 255.
• The PLA conducted four joint combat readiness patrols on September 5 (21 aircraft, 13 ADIZ entries), September 9 (18 aircraft, 13 ADIZ entries), September 17 (28 aircraft, 24 ADIZ entries, with H-6K bombers), and September 30 (23 aircraft, 16 ADIZ entries), the eve of PRC National Day. The September 15–18 run produced 82 sorties, nearly a third of the month. Activity then fell to 15 sorties over September 24–28, the days around Xi Jinping’s state visit to Washington, before the fourth patrol closed the month.
• PLAN vessel detections averaged 7.1 per day and peaked at 13 on September 6, the day after the first patrol. Official and government-ship detections fell to 114 from August’s 160 but stayed well above the January–May range. New Zealand’s HMNZS Te Mana and HMNZS Aotearoa transited the Taiwan Strait on September 18, the first allied warship transit since June 5.
• The Coast Guard Administration documented seven PRC government-vessel incursions in September: four into Kinmen restricted waters in four days (two on September 8, then September 10 and 11) by the same four-ship formation, one at Dongsha (September 7), and two east-of-Taiwan position reports (September 3 and 29). The Zhujiajian formation replaced the Putuoshan formation east of Taiwan, the fourth rotation since June. Cumulative 2026 incursions reached 54.

Air Activity: The Rebound

Taiwan’s MND detected 255 PLA sorties in September, up 82 from August’s 173. That was the largest single-month gain of 2026 and lifted September to the fourth-busiest month of the year, behind May (274), January (270), and July (260). The year-on-year gap held: September 2025 recorded 444 sorties and September 2024 recorded 447, putting this September 43 percent below both.

The first two weeks of the month carried two patrols, 21 aircraft on September 5 and 18 on September 9, around otherwise light days. The second phase of the month contained a sustained push: 82 sorties over September 15–18, peaking at 28 on September 17, when MND reported J-11, J-16, JH-7, H-6K, KJ-500, and Y-8EW aircraft operating with PLAN vessels under the patrol label. Median-line crossings were recorded on ten consecutive days, September 14 through 23. The third phase was relatively quiet: from September 24 through 28, the daily count never exceeded five, for 15 sorties in total. September 30 then produced 23 aircraft, 16 of them across the median line, in a fourth patrol that MND announced at 14:10 and dated from 09:12, when J-10, J-11, J-16, JH-7, Su-30, KJ-500, and Y-8 aircraft and drones went out to sea with PLAN vessels.

Seventy-one percent of sorties entered the ADIZ (181 of 255), in line with August’s 72 percent. Median-line crossings totaled 145, 57 percent of sorties, on 16 of the month’s 30 days. Only two days, September 2 and 3, registered no aircraft, against seven in August.

Figure 1. Daily PLA aerial activity around Taiwan, September 2026. Gold stars mark joint combat readiness patrols on September 5, 9, 17, and 30; the shaded band marks the September 15–18 surge; the dashed purple line marks the September 18 New Zealand Strait transit; gray columns denote zero-detection days.

Surge, Then Summit

The surge and the lull bracketed a dense political calendar. Taiwan held joint live-fire precision-strike exercises from September 16 to 18, and President Lai Ching-te inspected the tri-service missile firing in Pingtung on September 18. New Zealand’s two-ship transit came on September 18, the last day of the surge. Beijing formally announced Xi’s state visit on September 21, and Xi was in Washington from September 23 to 25. In the September 24 talks, he urged the United States to handle the Taiwan question with prudence. No new U.S. arms sales to Taiwan were notified during the month.

The air picture tracked that sequence closely. The heaviest four days of the month came in the week before the visit was announced. The five days from September 24 to 28, during and just after it, produced 15 sorties. The pattern fits a PLA that applies pressure ahead of high-level diplomacy and stands down while it is underway. Neither the PRC Ministry of National Defense, the Eastern Theater Command, nor the Taiwan Affairs Office commented on the September patrols, so the timing is the only evidence for intent. The fourth patrol, on September 30, the eve of National Day, showed the lull was a pause, not a new floor.

Monthly Trajectory: The Sawtooth Returns

August looked like a break in the 2026 pattern: the count fell to 173 with no rebound in sight. September restored the sawtooth. The sequence now reads 270, 190, 173, 229, 274, 208, 260, 173, 255, and each trough this year (March, June, August) has been followed by a rebound the next month. The four September patrols averaged 22 aircraft, up from 17 in August but below the 26-to-32 range of the first seven months.

The comparison with prior years has not moved. September 2024 (447) and September 2025 (444) were nearly identical. September 2026 recovered to 255 and remains more than 40 percent below both. Median-line crossings show the same gap: 145 this September against 307 in 2025 and 320 in 2024.

Figure 2. Monthly PLA aerial activity sortie totals, 2024–2026. September 2026 rebounds from August’s low and restores the year’s sawtooth pattern, while remaining well below 2024 and 2025.

At Sea: Baseline Steady, Allied Hulls Return

PLAN detections averaged 7.1 vessels per day, inside the five-to-nine band that has defined the 2025–2026 baseline. The two peaks followed air activity: 13 vessels on September 6, the day after the first patrol, and 11 on September 18 and 19, at the end of the surge. The naval presence again moved less than the air, rising briefly around patrols and settling back to five or six vessels within days.

Official and government-ship detections totaled 114, down from August’s 160 and in line with June (110) and July (116). The monthly totals for January through May never exceeded 46. Daily counts sat at two from September 10 to 17, then ran between three and seven over the last ten days of the month.

On September 18, the New Zealand frigate HMNZS Te Mana and replenishment oiler HMNZS Aotearoa transited the Taiwan Strait during a three-month Indo-Pacific deployment, en route to an exercise with the Philippines. It was the sixth allied warship transit of 2026 and the first since the Netherlands frigate HNLMS De Ruyter on June 5. The PLA’s Eastern Theater Command issued no statement; PRC defense ministry spokesperson Jiang Bin said on September 24 that naval and air forces had tracked and monitored the ships.

Figure 3. PLAN vessel and official-ship detections around Taiwan, September 2026. Dotted gold lines mark joint combat readiness patrols; the dashed purple line marks the September 18 New Zealand transit.

Coast Guard Gray Zone Operations

The Coast Guard Administration documented seven PRC government-vessel incursions in September, concentrated in one week. The same four-ship formation, hulls 14527, 14531, 14604, and 14608, entered Kinmen restricted waters four times between September 8 and 11: southwest of Damaoshan on the morning of September 8 (09:00 to 11:09), again that afternoon in a split east-west approach (about 15:00 to 17:03), and south of Kinmen on September 10 and 11, each time massing from 09:00 and gone by 11:13. The September 10 incursion included Mid-Autumn Festival broadcasts. Two incursions in one day, and four in four days, is the densest set of Kinmen activity in the tracker this year.

At Dongsha, CCG 3501 entered restricted waters southwest of the island at 08:00 on September 7, radioed that the area was “China’s Taiwan,” and was shadowed by the CGA cutter Yunlin. The CGA counted it as the twelfth CCG incursion at Dongsha in 2026.

East of Taiwan, the patrol line rotated again. On September 3, the CGA located CCG 1306 Putuoshan and 2502 Daishan about 105 and 74 nautical miles east of Green Island. By September 29, the station was held by 2503 Zhujiajian and 1401 Chongming, which the CCG said had been there since September. That is the fourth formation on the line since June (Daishan, Xiushan, Putuoshan, Zhujiajian). The same da,y the CCG’s East China Sea branch described its Kinmen operations as routine law-enforcement patrols; the CGA replied that it had recorded 35 CCG transits of Kinmen restricted waters so far in 2026. Cumulative incursions in the tracker reached 54.

Figure 4. CCG incursions into Taiwan’s near seas, January–September 2026, by location. September brings four Kinmen incursions in four days and a fourth rotation of the east-of-Taiwan patrol.

The Full Picture: Multi-Domain Overview

Figure 5. January–September 2026 multi-domain PLA activity: air sorties, naval presence, and CCG incursions. Inverted triangles atop the air panel mark allied warship transits of the Taiwan Strait (United States, January 16; Australia, February 20; Japan, April 17; Canada, May 22; Netherlands, June 5; New Zealand, September 18).

September reversed August’s split between the different activity domains. In August, air activity sank to the year’s floor while the maritime and constabulary presence held. In September, air activity rebounded, the CCG ran its most compressed Kinmen sequence of the year, and the east-of-Taiwan station rotated without a gap. Only official-ship traffic eased, and it still stayed far above the spring’s numbers.

The month’s shape matters more than its total. Pressure built through mid-September, eased during the Washington visit, and returned on the eve of National Day. Read that way, the PLA’s air tempo appears to be timed around diplomacy rather than reduced by it. Every month of 2026 has run below the same month of 2025, which marks this as a lower-volume year in the air, but not a quieter one at sea.

Figure 6. September air activity year-over-year: total sorties and median-line crossings, 2024–2026.

Methodology & Sources

Air and naval detection data are drawn from daily reports issued by Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense. Each day in this report covers the MND reporting window from 06:00 that day to 06:00 the next (Taiwan time), so September figures come from reports posted September 2 through October 1. January–August figures are taken from the PLA Activity Center database maintained by the Taiwan Security Monitor; September figures are compiled directly from the MND reports. ADIZ entries are the aircraft MND reports as entering Taiwan’s ADIZ; median-line crossings are the subset MND reports as crossing the median line. Joint combat readiness patrols are those announced in MND press releases; patrol-day counts use the full daily window, so they can exceed the figure in the press release. Comparisons with 2024 and 2025 use the Taiwan Security Monitor’s comprehensive PLA activity tracker, with days missing from it filled from the historical PLAAF activity series; the September 2024 and 2025 figures cited in the text were re-derived day by day from MND’s archived reports. Coast Guard incident data are compiled from Coast Guard Administration press releases (cga.gov.tw) and verified against contemporaneous media reporting. Allied Taiwan Strait transit records are drawn from the Taiwan Strait Transit Tracker maintained by the Taiwan Security Monitor and contemporaneous reporting. “ADIZ” denotes Taiwan’s Air Defense Identification Zone; “median line” refers to the informal centerline of the Taiwan Strait historically observed by both sides; “JCRP” denotes Joint Combat Readiness Patrols as designated by Taiwan’s MND. All analysis and commentary are by the Taiwan Security Monitor.

© 2026 Taiwan Security Monitor. All rights reserved.

Authors: Ethan Connell & TSM Staff

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KEY FINDINGS

• Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense documented 171 PLA aerial sorties around the island in August 2026, of which 125 entered the Air Defense Identification Zone. August tied with March for the lowest monthly total of the year, 34% below July’s 260 and 69% below August 2025’s 555.
• The PLA conducted two joint combat readiness patrols, on August 4 (21 aircraft, 17 ADIZ entries) and August 15 (11 aircraft, 7 ADIZ entries). Both were smaller than any JCRP earlier in 2026. Taiwan’s MND designated no long-distance flights. A 20-aircraft day on August 18 carried no patrol label but produced the month’s second-largest single-day total.
• PLAN vessel detections averaged 7.7 per day and peaked at 12, holding the baseline from mid-2025. Official and government-ship detections stayed elevated, well above the sub-fifty levels of early 2026. July’s 244 government-vessel sightings set the 2026 record; August ran lower but kept the elevated floor.
• The Coast Guard Administration documented five PRC government-vessel incursions in August: four into Kinmen’s restricted waters (August 5, 13, 19, and 29) and one into Dongsha’s restricted waters (August 18), during which a CCG vessel remained on station for 9.5 hours. Cumulative 2026 incursions reached 49.

Air Activity: The Floor

Taiwan’s MND detected 171 PLA sorties in August, matching March’s 173 at the bottom of the 2026 range. The month-on-month drop of 89 sorties (34 percent) from July was the steepest single-month fall of the year. Against August 2025’s 555, the gap was 69 percent; against August 2024’s 589, 71 percent, the widest year-on-year deficit in 2026.

The two JCRPs produced the month’s two largest single-day totals: 21 aircraft on August 4 (17 ADIZ entries) and 11 on August 15 (7 ADIZ entries). Both were smaller than any JCRP earlier in the year. August 18 saw 20 aircraft with 15 ADIZ entries but no patrol designation. The first week (August 3-7) ran hot, with daily counts of 6, 21, 14, 10, and 14 sorties. After that, the tempo collapsed. Four days registered zero aircraft: August 20, 22, 28, and 31, the most zero-detection days of any month in 2026.

73% of detected sorties entered the ADIZ, matching July’s rate. Even as volume fell, the share of flights approaching Taiwan’s airspace remained constant. Helicopters northeast and southeast of Taiwan flew more often than fixed-wing aircraft, a mix that points toward anti-submarine warfare training and intelligence collection.

Figure 1. Daily PLA aerial activity around Taiwan, August 2026. Gold stars mark joint combat readiness patrols on August 4 and 15; red bars show aircraft entering the ADIZ; shaded columns denote zero-detection days.

Monthly Trajectory: The Sawtooth Breaks

For seven months, the 2026 sortie count followed a sawtooth: each dip (February, March, June) bounced back the next month. August broke the pattern, falling to 171. The descent from May’s peak has not stopped. The two JCRPs kept the patrols at active status but were the smallest by aircraft count of any month in 2026.

The PLA ran large-scale exercises in August 2024 (589 sorties) and August 2025 (555 sorties). August 2026 produced less than a third of either of the prior years on record (171 sorties), making this suppression anomalous. September will show whether Beijing’s air tempo has shifted to a lower gear or is coiled for a rebound.

Figure 2. Monthly PLA aerial activity sortie totals, 2024–2026. August 2026 hits the year’s floor, breaking the sawtooth pattern.

At Sea: The Ships Stay

PLAN detections averaged 7.7 vessels per day and peaked at 12, inside the five-to-nine band that has shown consistently throughout 2025 and 2026. 

Official and government-ship detections ran lower than July’s record of 244 but stayed well above the sub-fifty readings from January through May. Non-naval state shipping has continued to hold at elevated levels for three consecutive months. About 60 percent of August’s government vessels were Coast Guard ships; the rest were research vessels and other government boats. No allied warship transited the Taiwan Strait in August. The last transit, the Netherlands frigate HNLMS De Ruyter on June 5, is now nearly three months old.

Figure 3. PLAN vessel and official-ship detections around Taiwan, August 2026.

Coast Guard Gray Zone Operations

Five PRC government-vessel incursions in August returned to the Kinmen-dominant pattern. Four targeted Kinmen restricted waters: August 5, August 13, August 19, and August 29. 

Two CCG vessels entered restricted waters around Pratas Island on August 18. The CGA dispatched cutters Yunlin and Tainan to monitor and broadcast warnings. One CCG vessel stayed on station for 9.5 hours, the longest single-vessel dwell at Dongsha in 2026 and a break from the brief transits that had defined earlier Dongsha operations.

Figure 4. CCG incursions into Taiwan’s near seas, January–August 2026, by location. August reverts to the Kinmen-Dongsha baseline, while the east-of-Taiwan patrol rotates for a third time.

The Full Picture: Multi-Domain Overview

Figure 5. January–August 2026 multi-domain PLA activity: air sorties, naval presence, and CCG incursions. Inverted triangles atop the air panel mark allied Taiwan Strait transits.

 Air activity compressed to its 2026 low. Naval presence, government shipping, coast guard operations, and the east-of-Taiwan patrol held or expanded. In the first half of the year, air and maritime surges moved together (the May peak, the June JCRP-plus-CCG breakout). In August, they appeared to decouple. Air sorties fell to 171, while PLAN vessel detections held at 7.7 per day. Official ships stayed on their elevated plateau. The CCG rotated a third formation to the east of Taiwan.

No allied warship has transited the strait since June 5. Beijing expanded its constabulary presence to record levels over that same quarter. The multi-domain posture Beijing has maintained since August 2022 has not shrunk in the first eight months of 2026. 

Figure 6. August air activity year-over-year: total sorties and ADIZ entries, 2024–2026.

© 2026 Taiwan Security Monitor. All rights reserved.

After the Storm

Authors: Ethan Connell & Jonathan Walberg

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KEY FINDINGS

• Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense documented 260 PLA aerial sorties around the island in July 2026, with 190 entering the Air Defense Identification Zone. The total rose 25 percent from June’s 208 to the second-highest month of the year, while remaining 53 percent below July 2025’s 555 sorties. The seven-month sequence reads 270, 190, 173, 229, 274, 208, 260.
• The PLA conducted three joint combat readiness patrols on July 8 (28 aircraft, 20 ADIZ entries), July 24 (29 aircraft, 17 ADIZ entries), and July 30 (27 aircraft, 22 ADIZ entries), restoring the patrol cadence that had dropped to a single operation in June. Typhoon Bavi suppressed activity from July 9 through 14, during which only 11 aircraft were detected, and PLAN vessel counts fell to one on consecutive days.
• PLAN vessel detections averaged 6.9 per day and peaked at 10, remaining within the five-to-nine baseline. Official and government-ship detections totaled 116 for the month, comparable to June’s 110 and well above the 46 recorded in May.
• The Coast Guard Administration documented seven PRC government-vessel incursions in July: five into Kinmen restricted waters (July 8, 14, 16, 21, and 29), including a nighttime transit by PRC Maritime Safety Administration vessel Haixun 1630 on July 16, the first non-CCG government ship recorded in the series; and two east-of-Taiwan patrol reports (July 4 and 31), confirming the Xiushan formation’s rotation into a standing presence east of the island. Cumulative 2026 incursions reached 42.

Air Activity: Rebound from the June Dip

July’s 260 detected sorties reversed the pullback that had brought PLA air activity to its second-lowest month of the year in June. The 52-sortie increase returned the count above April’s 229 and close to January’s 270, though still well below the May peak of 274. Against July 2025’s 555 sorties, the shortfall was 53 percent, and against July 2024’s 607, it was 57 percent, consistent with the year-on-year suppression that has defined 2026.

Three joint combat readiness patrols accounted for the month’s three largest single-day totals: 29 aircraft on July 24, 28 on July 8, and 27 on July 30. The July 2 long-distance flight of 30 aircraft was the month’s single busiest day but carried no patrol designation. Five days registered zero aircraft, four of them clustered in the Typhoon Bavi window between July 10 and 17.

Typhoon Bavi’s passage across the strait between July 9 and 14 produced the sharpest disruption to air activity recorded in 2026. Over six days, only 11 aircraft were detected, and PLAN vessel counts dropped to one on July 10 and 11, the lowest daily figures in the dataset. Activity resumed immediately: the July 14 post-storm CCG incursion into Kinmen waters and the 6-aircraft detection that day marked the start of a sustained late-month recovery that carried through the July 24 and 30 patrols.

Figure 1. Daily PLA aerial activity around Taiwan, July 2026. Gold stars mark joint combat readiness patrols on July 8, 24, and 30; the shaded band denotes the Typhoon Bavi disruption window.

Monthly Trajectory: The Sawtooth Continues

July’s rebound from June extended the sawtooth-like rhythm that has characterized 2026: 270, 190, 173, 229, 274, 208, 260. Each uptick (April, May, July) has been followed or preceded by a downtick, and no month has sustained the pace of either 2024 or 2025. The three JCRPs in July matched January’s four and May’s four as the months with the highest patrol frequency, while June’s single patrol remains the year’s low.

Figure 2. Monthly PLA aerial activity sortie totals, 2024–2026. July 2026 rebounds from June but remains far below the 2024 and 2025 comparables.

At Sea: Bavi Disrupts the Baseline

Naval presence held within the five-to-nine band for most of July, with a daily average of 6.9 PLAN vessels and a peak of 10, but the Typhoon Bavi window broke the pattern. PLAN detections dropped to one vessel on both July 10 and 11, the only single-digit-low readings in the 2026 dataset. By July 12, the count had recovered to five and by month’s end reached 10, restoring the baseline.

Official and government-ship detections totaled 116 for the month, roughly flat against June’s 110 and confirming that the step-change from May’s 46 has held. The highest single-day official-ship count was 10 on July 12, a day with zero aircraft. No allied Taiwan Strait transits were recorded in July; the last logged transit was the Netherlands frigate HNLMS De Ruyter on June 5.

Figure 3. PLAN vessel and official-ship detections around Taiwan, July 2026. The shaded band marks the Typhoon Bavi disruption.

Coast Guard Gray Zone Operations

July’s seven PRC government-vessel incursions were fewer than June’s eleven and geographically narrower, but introduced a new actor. Five operations targeted Kinmen restricted waters, conducted on July 8, 14, 21, and 29 by standard four-ship CCG formations drawing on hulls 14530, 14532, 14533, 14602, 14605, 14606, and 14607, with the pre-storm July 8 and post-storm July 14 incursions sharing three of four hull numbers. The July 29 operation employed a two-axis pincer entry, with pairs approaching simultaneously from east of Liaoluo and southwest of Damaoshan.

The July 16 incursion was anomalous. Haixun 1630, a PRC Maritime Safety Administration vessel rather than a China Coast Guard cutter, transited Kinmen restricted waters at night, entering five nautical miles southeast of Liaoluo at 20:44 and exiting southwest of Shaxi Fort at 22:54. The CGA described it as an “edge-cutting transit” and noted it was the first recorded incursion by a non-CCG PRC government vessel. As of July 16, the CGA counted 24 CCG intrusions into Kinmen waters in 2026.

East of Taiwan, the Xiushan formation (CCG 2305 and CCG 1401 Chongming) relieved the Daishan formation on July 4, 54 nautical miles east of Hualien, and remained on station through July 31, when CCG 2305 was reported drifting 151 nautical miles east of Lanyu. The CGA deployed frigates Bali, Hualien, and Taipei for continuous monitoring across the month. The standing rotation confirms that the east-of-Taiwan patrol declared in June has become an institutionalized presence.

Figure 4. CCG incursions into Taiwan’s near seas, January–July 2026, by location. July reverts to a Kinmen-dominant pattern after June’s six-geography breakout, while the east-of-Taiwan patrol line continues.

The Full Picture: Multi-Domain Overview

Figure 5. January–July 2026 multi-domain PLA activity: air sorties, naval presence, and CCG incursions. The shaded band in July marks the Typhoon Bavi disruption. Inverted triangles atop the air panel mark allied Taiwan Strait transits.

July’s data reinforces the observation that air activity fluctuates while naval presence holds a persistent baseline and coast-guard operations follow their own institutional rhythm. The Typhoon Bavi window is the starkest illustration: air sorties and PLAN detections both cratered, but the CCG conducted incursions on either side of the storm, and the east-of-Taiwan formation remained on station throughout. Across seven months, the overall multi-domain posture has not meaningfully decreased from the level sustained since August 2022.

Figure 6. July air activity year-over-year: total sorties and ADIZ entries, 2024–2026.

Methodology & Sources

Air and naval detection data are drawn from the PLA Activity Center database maintained by the Taiwan Security Monitor, which compiles daily press releases issued by Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense. The PLA Activity Center data are complete through July 31, 2026. Coast Guard incident data are compiled from Coast Guard Administration gray-zone press releases (cga.gov.tw) and verified against contemporaneous media reporting. Allied Taiwan Strait transit records are drawn from the Taiwan Strait Transit Tracker maintained by the Taiwan Security Monitor; no allied transits were recorded in July 2026. “ADIZ” denotes Taiwan’s Air Defense Identification Zone; “median line” refers to the informal centerline of the Taiwan Strait historically observed by both sides; “JCRP” denotes Joint Combat Readiness Patrols as designated by Taiwan’s MND. All analysis and commentary are by the Taiwan Security Monitor.

The Gray Zone Widens

Authors: Ethan Connell & Jonathan Walberg

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KEY FINDINGS

• Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense documented 208 PLA aerial sorties around the island in June 2026, with 134 entering the Air Defense Identification Zone. The total fell 66 sorties, or about 24 percent, from May’s year-high 274, and sat 58 percent below June 2025’s 499 sorties. June ranks fourth among 2026’s six months in the sequence 270, 190, 173, 229, 274, 208.
• The PLA conducted a single joint combat readiness patrol on June 3 (32 aircraft, 25 ADIZ entries), down from four in May. The month’s second-largest day, 23 aircraft on June 21, was a “long-distance flight” rather than a patrol, and the tempo was otherwise sustained through dispersed median-line crossings instead of large set-piece operations.
• PLAN vessel detections averaged 7.4 per day and peaked at 10, holding the five-to-nine vessel baseline, while official and government-ship detections more than doubled to 110 for the month against May’s 46, a maritime-presence signal that ran counter to the decline in the air. One allied Strait transit fell within the month, the Netherlands frigate HNLMS De Ruyter on June 5.
• The Coast Guard Administration recorded 11 China Coast Guard incursions in June, the highest monthly count of 2026 and the first to break the Kinmen-and-Dongsha pattern: alongside four Kinmen and two Dongsha operations, the CCG conducted two east-of-Taiwan patrols, a South China Sea approach at Taiping Island, and Taiwan’s first recorded incursion off Penghu. Cumulative 2026 incursions reached 34.

After the High-Water Mark

June’s 208 detected sorties reversed the climb that had carried PLA air activity to a 2026 high in May. The month-on-month drop of 66 sorties returned the count to the middle of the year’s range, below April’s 229 and well beneath May’s 274, and left the six-month sequence reading 270, 190, 173, 229, 274, 208. Against June 2025’s 499 sorties, the shortfall was 58 percent, consistent with the suppressed year-on-year pattern that has held across 2026.

Joint combat readiness patrols, a firmer indicator of operational intent than raw sortie counts, all but disappeared. Only the June 3 patrol, 32 aircraft with 25 crossing into the ADIZ and the month’s single largest day, was officially given the designation, against four such patrols in May. The June 21 long-distance flight of 23 aircraft was the next-largest day, and the remaining elevated days took the form of dispersed median-line crossings recorded on June 22, 23, 24, and 30 rather than concentrated multi-axis exercises. 7 days registered no aircraft at all, including an unbroken stretch of quiet from June 14 through June 17.

Figure 1. Daily PLA aerial activity around Taiwan, June 2026. The gold star marks the June 3 joint combat readiness patrol; red bars show aircraft entering the ADIZ; shaded columns denote zero-detection days. The purple marker denotes the June 5 HNLMS De Ruyter (Netherlands) Strait transit.

The pullback followed the May 14-15 Beijing summit and the cautious posture Washington adopted afterward. U.S. arms deliveries to Taiwan remained paused, a planned Trump-Lai conversation stayed on hold, and the reciprocal autumn Xi visit to the United States had yet to be scheduled. As in earlier months, a lighter month in the air should not be read on its own as an easing of pressure. ADIZ-penetration share held at roughly 64 percent of detected sorties, so the activity that did occur still pressed toward Taiwan’s southwestern approaches rather than skirting them.

Monthly Trajectory: The Rebound Stalls

May’s rebound did not carry into June. Whereas the spring recovery had restored a near-weekly patrol cadence, June returned to a single large-scale operation, the type of frequency last seen during the February-April lull, while total sorties stayed comparatively high at 208. That combination is the month’s central puzzle: activity remained substantial, but the concentrated readiness patrols that signal deliberate demonstration gave way to a more routine presence and long-range flights. Read against the full run of 2026, June looks less like renewed de-escalation than like a redistribution of effort away from the air.

Figure 2. Monthly PLA aerial activity sortie totals, 2024–2026. June 2026 falls back from May’s year high while remaining far below the 2024 and 2025 comparables.

At Sea: The Baseline Holds, Official Traffic Doubles

Naval presence again refused to track the swings in the air. PLAN detections averaged 7.4 vessels daily and peaked at 10, squarely within the five-to-nine band that has defined 2025-2026 operations, and the decoupling between air and maritime domains held through a month in which sorties fell by nearly a quarter. Air activity appears responsive to political calendars and institutional dynamics, whereas naval presence functions as a persistent baseline feature of cross-strait military activity.

Figure 3. PLAN vessel and official-ship detections around Taiwan, June 2026. Official-ship traffic more than doubled month-on-month. The purple marker denotes the June 5 HNLMS De Ruyter Strait transit.

The exception was official and government-ship traffic, which more than doubled to 110 detections for the month against 46 in May, peaking at ten government vessels on June 9, a day with no aircraft at all. The surge in non-navy state shipping, coming as air activity receded, reinforces the sense that Beijing shifted weight toward maritime and constabulary presence in June. One allied transit occurred: the Netherlands frigate HNLMS De Ruyter passed through the strait on June 5, the fifth allied transit of 2026 and the first by a Dutch vessel, following U.S., Australian, Japanese, and Canadian passages earlier in the year.

Coast Guard Gray Zone Operations

The clearest escalation in June came below the waterline. The Coast Guard Administration documented at least 11 China Coast Guard incursions, more than double any previous month in 2026 and the first to move decisively beyond the established Kinmen-and-Dongsha rhythm. Four Kinmen operations, on June 3, 16, 18, and 29, maintained the institutionalized four-cutter rotation drawing on hulls 14530, 14531, 14602, 14606, and 14607, including a June 18 approach in which the cutters ran in single file with their transponders switched off. Two Dongsha operations, on June 5 and 19, preserved the once-monthly southern pattern with single large cutters.

Figure 4. CCG incursions into Taiwan’s near seas, January–June 2026, by location. Filled markers are logged in the TSM tracker; hollow markers are confirmed from CGA releases and pending entry. June’s activity spans six distinct geographies, the year’s widest.

What set June apart was geography. On June 11, a Sansha law-enforcement formation entered waters two nautical miles off Taiping Island, extending gray-zone pressure into the South China Sea. On June 19 the CCG mounted Taiwan’s first recorded incursion off Penghu, sending cutter 2102 into waters west of Huayu the day after Taiwan’s Coast Guard seized an illegal mainland fishing vessel, a pretextual patrol shadowed by the CGA cutter Lianjiang. Most consequential were two patrols east of Taiwan: the June 1 formation that declared law-enforcement jurisdiction some fifty nautical miles southeast of Orchid Island, the first such assertion in open Pacific waters, and a June 13 transit past Green Island during which cutter 2502 broadcast that “the ROC does not exist” before a CGA vessel intervened. Cumulative 2026 incursions reached 34.

Regional Context: East of Taiwan, a New Patrol Line

June confirmed that the east-of-Taiwan patrols flagged at the end of May were not a one-off. By declaring law-enforcement jurisdiction in the open Pacific and rotating formations to sustain it, with the Xiushan task force relieving the June formation in early July, the CCG began to institutionalize a presence on Taiwan’s Pacific flank, the approaches through which any allied resupply from Guam, Yokosuka, or Luzon would run. Conducted under a civilian flag, the patrols are calibrated to complicate an allied response without the escalation a naval deployment would carry. Taipei answered on both fronts: the Coast Guard Administration pledged to expel harassing vessels and advised Taiwanese ships to ignore any boarding demands, while the Republic of China Navy stood up a Littoral Combat Command on June 1 to consolidate its surveillance and anti-ship missile forces. Washington’s posture, by contrast, stayed cautious in the summit’s aftermath even as Congressional support for Taiwan held.

The Full Picture: Multi-Domain Overview

Figure 5. January–June 2026 multi-domain PLA activity: air sorties, naval presence, and CCG incursions. The gold band marks the early-March Two Sessions quiet period; the shaded June column marks the month’s air pullback and gray-zone surge. Inverted triangles atop the air panel mark allied Taiwan Strait transits (United States, January 16; Australia, February 20; Japan, April 17; Canada, May 22; Netherlands, June 5).

June is the sharpest illustration to date of a posture that moves along several tracks at once. Air activity, the most visible and politically responsive domain, fell back from its May peak and shed nearly all of its set-piece patrols; naval presence did not move; official-ship traffic and coast-guard operations rose, the latter both in number and in geographic reach. Taken together, the month does not describe a de-escalation so much as a shift in where pressure is applied, from the air toward the maritime and constabulary domains, and from the strait’s familiar flashpoints toward Taiwan’s eastern and southern approaches. The overall multi-domain posture continues to reflect the sustained PLA activity around Taiwan maintained since August 2022.

Figure 6. June air activity year-over-year: total sorties and ADIZ entries, 2024–2026.

Methodology & Sources

Air and naval detection data are drawn from daily press releases issued by Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense and compiled in the PLA Activity Center database maintained by the Taiwan Security Monitor. Figures for June 1-21 are drawn from the PLA Activity Center; figures for June 22-30 are compiled from MND daily releases, which do not carry the joint-patrol labeling used earlier in the month. Coast Guard incident data are compiled from Coast Guard Administration statements and verified against contemporaneous media reporting in the China Coast Guard Incident Tracker Database; seven of June’s incursions appear in the tracker, and four are confirmed from CGA releases pending entry, so the monthly total should be read as a minimum. Allied Taiwan Strait transit records are drawn from the Taiwan Strait Transit Tracker maintained by the Taiwan Security Monitor. “ADIZ” denotes Taiwan’s Air Defense Identification Zone; “median line” refers to the informal centerline of the Taiwan Strait historically observed by both sides; “JCRP” denotes Joint Combat Readiness Patrols as designated by Taiwan’s MND. All analysis and commentary are by the Taiwan Security Monitor.

© 2026 Taiwan Security Monitor. All rights reserved.

In The Summit’s Shadow

Authors: Ethan Connell & Jonathan Walberg

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KEY FINDINGS

• In May 2026, Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense recorded 274 PLA aerial sorties around the island. Of these, 216 entered Taiwan’s Air Defense Identification Zone, representing an ADIZ-penetration rate of approximately 79 percent, the highest in 2026. This monthly total is the largest of the year, surpassing January’s 270 and continuing April’s rebound, signaling the end of the first-quarter lull. However, it remains 40 percent below the 458 sorties recorded in May 2025.
• The PLA conducted four joint combat readiness patrols on May 1, May 6, May 19, and May 25, restoring the four-per-month cadence last observed in January. Single-day totals peaked at 29 aircraft on both May 1 and May 25. Air activity dropped to zero on May 14 and 15, coinciding with the Trump-Xi summit in Beijing, before surging during the May 19 and May 25 patrols.
• PLAN vessel detections averaged 6.7 per day in May, peaking at 10 on May 21, consistent with the five-to-nine vessel baseline maintained since 2025. While air activity reached a yearly high, naval presence remained steady, continuing the decoupling between sortie volume and naval activity observed throughout the year. One allied Strait transit occurred: HMCS Charlottetown on May 22, between two late-month patrols, marking the latest instance of a transit coinciding with heightened patrol activity in 2026.
• The Coast Guard Administration recorded five CCG incursions in May (four at Kinmen, one at Dongsha), restoring the once-monthly Dongsha pattern that lapsed in April. From January through May, cumulative incursions totaled 23: 19 at Kinmen and 4 at Dongsha. This increase occurred during a month focused on the May 14-15 Trump-Xi summit in Beijing, after which Washington paused arms transfers and deferred a Trump-Lai call ahead of a planned autumn visit by Xi to the United States.

In the Summit’s Shadow

PLA air activity around Taiwan reached its highest monthly level of 2026 in May, with 274 detected sorties, 216 of which entered Taiwan’s Air Defense Identification Zone. This total surpassed April’s 229 by 45 and exceeded January’s 270, making May the peak month so far. The five-month sequence is 270, 190, 173, 229, and 274, with March as the low point and activity rising for a second consecutive month. However, May’s total remains 40 percent below the 458 sorties of May 2025, and 2026 overall is still well below the previous year.

Four joint combat readiness patrols occurred on May 1, May 6, May 19, and May 25. The first and last patrols each involved 29 aircraft, with the May 25 count being the second-highest single-day total of 2026. Between patrols, activity followed a familiar pattern of alternating high-intensity demonstrations and quiet days. May saw four zero-detection days: May 5, May 14, May 15, and May 31. Notably, May 14 and 15 coincided with the Trump-Xi summit in Beijing, during which PLA air activity around Taiwan ceased entirely. Despite these pauses, May produced the year’s highest total, with an ADIZ-penetration rate of about 79 percent, indicating that more daily activity entered Taiwan’s southwestern ADIZ rather than remaining outside it.

Figure 1. Daily PLA aerial activity around Taiwan, May 2026. Gold stars mark JCRP days; red bars show aircraft entering the ADIZ. The green band marks the May 14-15 Trump-Xi summit in Beijing, when PLA air activity fell to zero. The purple marker denotes the May 22 HMCS Charlottetown (Canada) Strait transit, which fell between the May 19 and May 25 patrols.

May’s activity should be viewed in context. President Trump and President Xi Jinping met in Beijing on May 14 and 15, during which PLA air activity around Taiwan dropped to zero, marking the only consecutive shutdown of the month. Activity then increased for the May 19 and May 25 patrols, making the summit period a quiet interval between two surges. Naval presence remained steady during these days, indicating the stand-down was limited to the air domain. Diplomatic developments continued after the summit. At the Shangri-La Dialogue on May 29, U.S. Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth stated that the pause in Taiwan arms deliveries was not due to munitions conservation related to the Middle East. Late in the month, reports indicated a planned Trump-Lai call was postponed, and Trump was not expected to speak with Lai before a reciprocal Xi visit to the United States in the autumn. The PLA ended May with its highest air activity of 2026, even as Washington’s signals shifted toward Beijing.

Monthly Trajectory: The Lull Reverses

May’s 274 sorties mark a full reversal of the first-quarter decline. The 2026 monthly totals form a V-shaped pattern: 270, 190, 173, 229, and 274, with March as the low point and a climb above January’s starting figure. April signaled the end of the lull, and May confirms a sustained recovery, with gains extending beyond any single exercise period.

Figure 2. Monthly PLA aerial activity sortie totals, 2024–2026. May 2026 is the year’s high, completing a V-shaped recovery from the March low.

JCRP frequency is a more reliable indicator of PLA intent than total sortie counts, and it rebounded in May. The four patrols matched January’s level and exceeded the two conducted in each of February, March, and April. Holding roughly one large-scale exercise per week for the first time since January suggests the first-quarter drop in routine sorties was temporary, not a reduction in the PLA’s readiness for high-intensity demonstrations. JCRP frequency, more than total sorties, signals the end of the early-year lull.

At Sea: A Baseline That Does Not Move

PLAN vessel detections averaged 6.7 per day in May, peaking at 10 on May 21. Both figures remain within the five-to-nine vessel range that has characterized PLAN presence since 2025. In contrast, aerial sorties reached a yearly high, and ADIZ penetration peaked in 2026, while naval presence remained unchanged. The air and naval domains operate under different dynamics: air activity responds to political events and institutional factors, while naval presence serves as a consistent baseline in cross-strait military activity.

Figure 3. PLAN vessel and official ship detections around Taiwan, May 2026. The purple marker denotes the May 22 HMCS Charlottetown Strait transit.

Official and government-ship detections stayed low through the month, clustering in the first week before settling to one or two per day. The naval baseline held steady during a month of elevated air activity, consistent with the pattern seen all year: a change in air sortie volume, whether the May increase or the March decline, does not signal a matching shift in the maritime posture, which stays decoupled from the air domain.

One allied Taiwan Strait transit fell within the month. The Canadian frigate HMCS Charlottetown (FFH 339) transited the strait on May 22, Canada’s first reported transit of 2026 and the fourth allied passage of the year, after the USS John Finn and the survey ship USNS Mary Sears on January 16, the Australian frigate HMAS Toowoomba on February 20, and the Japanese destroyer JS Ikazuchi on April 17. The May 22 transit fell between the month’s third and fourth joint combat readiness patrols, on May 19 and May 25. The proximity is not limited to May. Through 2026, allied transits have repeatedly coincided with periods of heavy JCRP activity, the January and February passages each within a day of a patrol. The sequencing is inconsistent, since in those two cases the patrol came before the transit rather than after, and the sample stays too small to support a causal reading. The clustering warrants continued observation, not firm inference.

Coast Guard Gray Zone Operations

China Coast Guard activity in Taiwan’s restricted waters returned to its monthly rhythm in May. The CCG conducted 5 documented incursions: 4 around Kinmen, on May 7, May 21, May 26, and May 27, and one at Dongsha on May 23. The Kinmen operations followed the institutionalized pattern seen throughout 2026, a rotating four-cutter formation drawn from a consistent hull pool, with numbers 14530, 14531, 14606, and 14609 recurring most often, entering in the afternoon and leaving within about two hours. The May 26 and May 27 incursions came within a twenty-four-hour span, a tempo the CGA itself flagged as unusual. Cumulative CCG incursions for January through May total 23: 19 at Kinmen and 4 at Dongsha.

Figure 4. CCG incursions into Taiwan’s restricted waters, January–May 2026, by location and vessel count.

The main CCG development in May was the resumption of Dongsha (Pratas) operations. After the once-monthly Dongsha pattern lapsed in April, the May 23 incursion restored it, with a single vessel, hull 3501, detected at 07:25 and entering restricted waters at 08:34. Dongsha operations remain distinct from the Kinmen rotation, involving longer transits, single large cutters instead of four-hull formations, and much longer dwell times. The longest in 2026 was the March 18 incursion, lasting about twenty-five hours. The April pause reflected operational rhythm rather than a binding commitment, and May’s return indicates Dongsha presence is an intentional, though intermittent, aspect of CCG activity. One late-period development warrants continued observation: on May 31, the CCG announced “law enforcement patrols” in waters east of Taiwan in response to Japan and the Philippines, and on June 1, a CCG incursion southeast of Orchid Island involved vessels 2304 and 2502, an area not previously recorded in 2026.

Regional Context: An Arms Pause, Summit Diplomacy, and Taiwan’s Own Build-Up

May’s activity occurred against a backdrop of U.S.-China diplomacy that shaped Taiwan coverage for the month. The Trump-Xi summit in Beijing on May 14 and 15 set the tone. In the following weeks, the pause in U.S. arms deliveries—which Secretary Hegseth did not attribute to munitions conservation—and the postponement of a Trump-Lai call ahead of a planned autumn Xi visit to the United States signaled a Washington approach focused on avoiding friction with Beijing. In response, Taiwan advanced its own procurement. On May 29, the Legislative Yuan approved an initial NT$8.811 billion (about US$259 million) installment for five U.S. weapons systems, including M109A7 self-propelled howitzers, HIMARS, and anti-armor drones. Two days earlier, the House Armed Services Committee’s preliminary version of the FY27 National Defense Authorization Act authorized US$1 billion for the Taiwan Security Cooperation Initiative. Congressional support for Taiwan’s defense remains strong, even as executive-branch deliveries are delayed.

Taiwan’s force development also progressed. On June 1, the Republic of China Navy established a Littoral Combat Command, consolidating naval surveillance and anti-ship missile forces under one headquarters, advancing the distributed, asymmetric posture pursued since 2022. Allied presence operations remained steady: the HMCS Charlottetown transit marked Canada’s entry into a 2026 transit pattern already featuring U.S., Australian, and Japanese passages. These regional developments highlight a growing gap between a cautious U.S. executive approach and the consistent allied presence and Taiwanese self-strengthening. The PLA intensified its air activity in this environment.

The Full Picture: Multi-Domain Overview

Figure 5. January–May 2026 multi-domain PLA activity: air sorties, naval presence, and CCG incursions. The green band marks the May 14-15 Trump-Xi summit in Beijing; the gold band marks the early-March Two Sessions quiet period. Inverted triangles atop the air panel mark allied Taiwan Strait transits (United States, January 16; Australia, February 20; Japan, April 17; Canada, May 22).

Throughout the first five months of 2026, all three domains have shown a steady upward trend. Air activity was volatile and responsive to political events, dipping to a low in early March before rebounding through April and May to reach the year’s highest point. A key political signal was the pause in sorties during the Trump-Xi summit in mid-March, which was followed by a resumption of activity. Naval presence stayed stable, unaffected by fluctuations in air activity. Coast Guard incursions averaged around five per month, with May reestablishing the Dongsha pattern seen in April and adding a new east-of-Taiwan area at month’s end. Each domain should be analyzed in context. The early-year decline in sortie numbers did not indicate de-escalation, and May’s rebound alone does not suggest escalation. The overall multi-domain posture continues to reflect the sustained PLA activity around Taiwan since August 2022. In May, the PLA maintained this posture at the high end of its 2026 range, despite shifting signals from Washington.

Figure 6. May air activity year-over-year: total sorties and ADIZ entries, 2024–2026.

Methodology & Sources

Air and naval detection data are drawn from daily press releases issued by Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense and compiled in the PLA Activity Center database maintained by the Taiwan Security Monitor. Coast Guard incident data are compiled from Coast Guard Administration press releases and verified against contemporaneous media reporting in the China Coast Guard Incident Tracker Database. Allied Taiwan Strait transit records are drawn from the Taiwan Strait Transit Tracker maintained by the Taiwan Security Monitor. Contextual and allied developments draw on Taiwan Security Monitor reporting through late May and early June 2026. “ADIZ” denotes Taiwan’s Air Defense Identification Zone; “median line” refers to the informal centerline of the Taiwan Strait historically observed by both sides. “JCRP” denotes Joint Combat Readiness Patrols as designated by Taiwan’s MND. All analysis and commentary are by the Taiwan Security Monitor.

© 2026 Taiwan Security Monitor. All rights reserved.

Authors: Ethan Connell & Jonathan Walberg

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KEY FINDINGS

• Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense recorded 229 PLA aerial sorties around the island in April 2026, of which 169 entered Taiwan’s southwestern Air Defense Identification Zone. The total represents a 58 percent year-on-year decline from April 2025’s 546 sorties, but a 56-sortie increase from March, interrupting the consecutive monthly declines observed across the first quarter.
• Two joint combat readiness patrols framed the month, on April 1 (25 aircraft) and April 25 (28 aircraft), and the PLA’s Liaoning aircraft carrier transited the Taiwan Strait on April 20. The contraction in routine sortie volume since January has not extended to either surge capacity or strategic signaling.
• PLAN vessel detections averaged 7.1 per day in April, peaking at 11. These figures remain within the five-to-nine vessel baseline observed throughout 2025, reaffirming the structural decoupling between air sortie volume and naval presence.
• The Taiwanese Coast Guard Administration recorded three incursions by CCG vessels into Taiwan’s restricted waters in April, all around Kinmen. April is the first month of 2026 without a Dongsha (Pratas) incursion, breaking a monthly cadence sustained from January through March. Cumulative incursions across the first four months of the year total 18, with 15 around Kinmen and three around Dongsha.

Above the Floor

April 2026 marked a partial reversal of a three-month decline that had defined the first quarter. The month’s 229 detected sorties, including 169 that crossed the Taiwan Strait median line or entered the southwestern Air Defense Identification Zone, exceeded March’s 173-sortie total by 56 but remained 58 percent below the 546 sorties recorded in April 2025. The sequential trajectory across the first four months of 2026 (270 → 190 → 173 → 229)  places March’s lull as a floor rather than the continuation of a sustained downward trend, with overall activity holding well below the 2025 baseline.

The month opened and closed with joint combat readiness patrols: the April 1 JCRP involved 25 aircraft, continuing the late-March return to operations after the Two Sessions lull, while the April 25 JCRP involved 28 aircraft and coincided with the final day of Taiwan’s annual Han Kuang 42 computer-simulated wargames. Between these two patrols, daily activity remained subdued, with two zero-detection days (April 4 and April 12) and a string of single-digit days through the mid-month. The final third of April produced elevated single-day totals, with 24 aircraft on April 20, 22 aircraft on April 27, and 17 aircraft on April 10.

Figure 1. Daily PLA aerial activity around Taiwan, April 2026. Gold stars mark JCRP days; the April 20 surge corresponds with the Liaoning carrier transit.

The April 20 spike coincided with the transit of the Liaoning aircraft carrier and escorts (CV-16) through the Taiwan Strait. The PLA’s Eastern Theater Command described the movement as part of long-range combat training in the western Pacific, and Taiwan’s MND released images of the carrier’s air wing during the transit. Japan’s JS Ikazuchi (DD-107) had transited the Strait three days earlier, on April 17 (the anniversary of the Treaty of Shimonoseki) drawing Beijing’s condemnation as a deliberate provocation. Together with the two JCRPs, these events indicate that the contraction in routine sortie volume since January has not extended to surge capacity or strategic signaling.

Monthly Trajectory: A Floor, Not a Trend

Viewed against the preceding three months, April’s 229-sortie total interrupts the consecutive decline that ran from January through March. Monthly totals across the first four months of 2026 (270, 190, 173, and 229) show a curve that fell sharply through Q1 before stabilizing.

Figure 2. Monthly PLA aerial activity sortie totals, 2024–2026. April 2026 marks a modest rebound from March’s three-month low.

JCRP cadence offers a more stable read on PLA intent than aggregate sortie counts. April’s two JCRPs match February’s two and fall one short of March’s three. The April 25 peak of 28 aircraft is comparable to the 36-aircraft peak observed on March 17 and consistent with the cadence of roughly one large-format exercise per month sustained since August 2022. Reductions in routine sortie volume have not yet been accompanied by a comparable decline in the PLA’s willingness to mount high-intensity demonstrations on short notice.

At Sea: Carrier Transit and a Steady Baseline

PLAN vessel detections averaged 7.1 per day in April, peaking at 11 vessels on April 19 and again on April 28. These figures fall within the five-to-nine vessel range that has characterized PLAN presence throughout 2025 and the first four months of 2026. The Liaoning transit on April 20 registers in qualitative rather than quantitative terms: a single-day strategic signaling operation that did not move the monthly aggregate. Eastern Theater Command’s framing of the transit as long-range combat training in the western Pacific points to posture rather than escalation.

Figure 3. PLAN vessel and official ship detections around Taiwan, April 2026.

Naval presence held at baseline levels through April, reinforcing a structural observation that has held throughout 2026: air sorties appear responsive to political calendars and institutional dynamics, whereas naval presence functions as a persistent baseline feature of cross-strait military activity. The April carrier transit shows that this baseline coexists with episodic surge operations of strategic weight rather than displacing them.

Coast Guard Gray Zone Operations

China Coast Guard (CCG) activity in Taiwan’s restricted waters continued through April but contracted geographically. The CCG conducted 3 documented incursions on April 21, April 24, and April 28, all of them around Kinmen. Each incursion involved the same four-cutter rotation (hull numbers 14530, 14531, 14604, and 14609) and concluded within roughly two hours of entering restricted waters, consistent with the institutionalized two-to-three-hour Kinmen pattern documented in earlier months. Cumulative CCG incursions across the first four months of 2026 now total 18, with 15 around Kinmen and 3 around Dongsha.

Figure 4. CCG incursions into Taiwan’s restricted waters, January–April 2026, by location and vessel count.

The April pause around Dongsha is perhaps the most analytically distinctive feature of the month’s CCG activity. January, February, and March each included a single Dongsha (Pratas) operation, several with dwell times exceeding twenty-four hours; April’s gap breaks that monthly cadence for the first time in 2026. The narrower reading is that the once-monthly Dongsha rhythm reflected an operational pattern rather than a binding institutional commitment, and that May or June observations will either restore it or confirm its discontinuation. A broader reading is that the CCG temporarily consolidated around the proximate Kinmen rotation while the PLA Navy carried the month’s strategic signaling through the Liaoning transit. The Coast Guard Administration’s announcement earlier in April of US$1.88 billion in Pratas-area infrastructure and patrol upgrades indicates continuing Taiwanese concern about the durability of presence at its most remote outlying holding.

The Full Picture: Multi-Domain Overview

Figure 5. January–April 2026 multi-domain PLA activity: air sorties, naval presence, and CCG incursions.

Viewed across all three domains, the first four months of 2026 reinforce an analytical pattern visible since January. Air activity has been volatile and politically responsive, with a pronounced lull in early March and a partial rebound in April. Naval presence has been held within the established baseline throughout, including during the week of the Liaoning carrier transit. Coast Guard incursions have continued at roughly five incidents per month, with the April pattern narrowing geographically and interrupting the once-monthly Dongsha cadence. Analysts and policymakers would be well served by resisting the temptation to interpret a reduction in the headline sortie count as evidence of overall de-escalation. The multi-domain posture, taken as a whole, does not indicate a meaningful departure from the sustained pattern of PLA activity around Taiwan that has defined cross-strait military dynamics since August 2022.

Figure 6. April air activity year-over-year: total sorties and median line crossings, 2024–2026.

Methodology & Sources

Air and naval detection data are drawn from daily press releases issued by Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense and compiled in the PLA Activity Center database maintained by the Taiwan Security Monitor. Coast Guard incident data are compiled from Coast Guard Administration press releases and verified against contemporaneous media reporting in the China Coast Guard Incident Tracker Database. Allied and contextual events draw on Taiwan Security Monitor’s Weekly Security Reviews of April 6, April 16, April 20, and April 27. “Median line” refers to the informal centerline of the Taiwan Strait historically observed by both sides. “JCRP” denotes Joint Combat Readiness Patrols as designated by Taiwan’s MND. All analysis and commentary are by the Taiwan Security Monitor.

© 2026 Taiwan Security Monitor. All rights reserved.

Author: Ethan Connell & Jonathan Walberg

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Key Findings

• In March 2026, Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense recorded 173 PLA aerial sorties around the island, representing a 60 percent year-over-year decline and extending the downward trend observed since the December 2025 Justice Mission exercises.
• Between late February and mid-March, air operations declined to near-zero levels for thirteen days. This lull coincided with China’s annual Two Sessions legislative period of the National People’s Congress and followed the dismissal of two senior Central Military Commission vice-chairmen in January. This pattern aligns with previously documented instances of institutional caution during politically sensitive periods.
• Taiwanese Coast Guard Administration data shows 15 documented CCG incursions into Taiwan’s restricted waters from January through March, concentrated around Kinmen (12 incidents) and Dongsha Island (three incidents), with dwell times in the Dongsha incursions exceeding 24 hours.
• In March, PLAN vessel detections around Taiwan averaged approximately seven per day, consistent with the five-to-nine vessel baseline observed throughout 2025. The continued naval presence during a period of reduced air activity suggests that the air and maritime domains are governed by distinct operational logics.

The March Lull

March 2026 marked a significant deviation from the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) air activity patterns observed around Taiwan during the previous twelve months. The 173 detected aircraft sorties, including 121 that entered Taiwan’s Air Defense Identification Zone, constitute a 60 percent reduction from March 2025, when 431 sorties were recorded. This figure also continues the sequential decline observed in the first three months of 2026: January recorded 270 sorties, February recorded 190, and March recorded 173.

A notable feature of the month was the lull in PLA air activity in early March, during which Taiwan detected only limited aircraft activity around the island. Rather than pointing to a single discrete cause, this slowdown is better understood as the product of overlapping factors. The strongest explanation remains the PRC’s domestic calendar: the annual “Two Sessions,” combined with the tail end of the Spring Festival period, has historically aligned with a lower operational tempo around Taiwan. Other theories, including the idea that leadership turmoil within the PLA or fuel pressures linked to Middle East instability drove the reduction, are harder to sustain. As TSM noted in The Monitor, those explanations fit the available evidence less well, especially given continued Chinese activity in the East and South China Seas during the same period.

Figure 1. Daily PLA activity around Taiwan, March 2026. The shaded region marks the quiet period.

Air operations resumed in the second half of March. On March 17, Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense (MND) reported a joint combat readiness patrol (JCRP) involving thirty-six aircraft, marking the month’s single-day peak. This was followed by a second JCRP on March 28 with nineteen aircraft and a third on April 1. The resumption of large-scale exercises after a period of relative quiet aligns with patterns observed in previous years. The PLA appears to adjust its daily sortie rate in response to political calendars and internal dynamics while maintaining the capacity for periodic high-intensity demonstrations.

Monthly Trajectory: A Sustained Decline

March’s figures are a continuation of a three-month decline. From January through March 2026, monthly sortie totals fell from 270 to 190 to 173, respectively. This trajectory comes on the heels of the elevated activity of late 2025, when the PLA’s Justice Mission-2025 exercise on December 29 saw the use of 130 aircraft in a single day, the largest single-day operation around Taiwan since comprehensive daily reporting began.

Figure 2. Monthly PLA sortie totals, 2024–2026. The January–March 2026 trend shows consecutive declines.

However, the frequency of Joint Combat Readiness Patrols (JCRPs), which represent the highest-intensity format of PLA air operations around Taiwan, has remained broadly stable. March 2026 included three JCRPs, matching the number in March 2025 and exceeding the two recorded in March 2024. This continuity indicates that the reduction in routine sortie volume has not been accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the PLA’s willingness or ability to conduct large-scale, multi-domain demonstrations on short notice.

At Sea: Persistent Naval Presence

PLAN vessel detections in the waters around Taiwan averaged 7.2 per day in March, with a peak of eleven on a single day. These figures are consistent with the range of 5-9 vessels that have characterized PLAN presence throughout 2025. The stability of the naval posture during a month of minimal air activity highlights a structural difference in how the PLA manages its air and maritime components around Taiwan. Air sorties appear responsive to political calendars and institutional dynamics, whereas naval presence serves as a persistent baseline feature of cross-strait military activity.

Figure 3. PLAN vessel and official ship detections around Taiwan, March 2026.

This divergence between air and naval activity patterns holds analytical significance for assessments of cross-strait tension. Analysts who focus solely on sortie counts may interpret the March figures as evidence of de-escalation, however the unchanged naval footprint demonstrates that the PLA’s overall posture in the Taiwan Strait has not meaningfully decreased.

Coast Guard Gray Zone Operations

China Coast Guard (CCG) activity in Taiwan’s restricted waters represents a third, often underreported, dimension of cross-strait pressure. From January through March 2026, the CCG conducted at least 15 documented incursions: 12 around Kinmen and three near Dongsha Island (Pratas). The Kinmen operations have developed into a recognizable pattern, typically involving two to four CCG cutters entering restricted waters for two to three hours before withdrawing. This approach appears intended to establish a regular CCG presence in waters considered under the jurisdiction of Taiwan’s Coast Guard Administration.

Figure 4. CCG incursions into Taiwan’s restricted waters, January–March 2026, by location and vessel count.

The Kinmen incursions have involved a recurring set of CCG cutters (specifically, hull numbers 14529, 14603, 14605, and 14609), indicating a dedicated patrol rotation rather than ad hoc deployments. The Dongsha operations differ qualitatively, involving larger vessels from the 3101 and 3102 classes and featuring extended dwell times, with the March 18th incursion east of Dongsha lasting over twenty-five consecutive hours. The increasing dwell times at Dongsha merit particular attention, as they challenge the Coast Guard Administration’s capacity to maintain a sustained presence at Taiwan’s most remote holding.

The Full Picture: Multi-Domain Overview

Figure 5. January–March 2026 multi-domain PLA activity: air sorties, naval presence, and CCG incursions.

An examination of all three domains simultaneously reveals that the first three months of 2026 present a more complex situation than any single metric suggests. Air activity has been volatile and responsive to political events, while naval presence has remained steady and largely unaffected by fluctuations in the air domain. Coast Guard incursions have persisted and, in the Dongsha cases, have increased in duration. Analysts and policymakers should avoid interpreting a reduction in one domain as an overall reduction in pressure. The multi-domain posture, considered in its entirety, does not indicate meaningful de-escalation.

Figure 6. March air activity year-over-year: total sorties and median line crossings, 2024–2026.

Methodology & Sources

Air and naval detection data are drawn from daily press releases issued by Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense and compiled in the PLA Activity Center database maintained by Taiwan Security Monitor. Coast Guard incident data are compiled from Coast Guard Administration press releases, verified against contemporaneous media reporting, and compiled in the China Coast Guard Incident Tracker Database. “Median line” refers to the informal centerline of the Taiwan Strait historically observed by both sides. “JCRP” denotes Joint Combat Readiness Patrols as designated by Taiwan’s MND. All analysis and commentary are by Taiwan Security Monitor.

© 2026 Taiwan Security Monitor. All rights reserved.

Author: Ethan Connell & Jonathan Walberg

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Key Findings

• Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense recorded 190 PLA aerial sorties around the island in February 2026, a 30 percent decline from January’s 270 and a continuation of the downward trajectory that began after the December 2025 Justice Mission exercise. Year-over-year, February’s figure represents a 61 percent decline from 492 sorties in February 2025.
• Three joint combat readiness patrols occurred during the month: February 12 (42 aircraft), February 19 (14 aircraft), and February 25 (30 aircraft). These operations demonstrate that the PLA’s capacity for large-scale multi-domain demonstrations remains intact, despite a contraction in routine sortie volume.
• No aircraft were detected around Taiwan on February 27 and 28, marking the onset of a quiet period that extended through the first half of March in anticipation of the National People’s Congress and Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (the ‘Two Sessions’).
• PLAN vessel detections averaged approximately seven per day in February, with a peak of eleven, consistent with the five-to-nine vessel baseline observed throughout 2025. The persistence of naval presence during a month of declining air activity demonstrates the operational decoupling between the air and maritime domains.
• Coast Guard Administration data indicate ten documented China Coast Guard (CCG) incursions into Taiwan’s restricted waters from January through February, concentrated around Kinmen (eight incidents) and Dongsha Island (two incidents).

February 2026 Air Activity

In February 2026, 190 aircraft sorties were detected around Taiwan, with 147 entering the southwestern portion of Taiwan’s Air Defense Identification Zone. This total represents a significant reduction from January’s 270 sorties and continues a downward trajectory that began after the PLA’s Justice Mission-2025 exercise on December 29, 2025. That exercise involved 130 aircraft in a single day, marking the largest single-day operation around Taiwan since comprehensive daily reporting began. The post-exercise period has been characterized by a gradual normalization of activity levels, although the pace of this decline is not unprecedented in the historical record.

February exhibited a familiar pattern of quiet periods punctuated by activity surges. The peak occurred on February 12, when 42 aircraft were detected as part of a Joint Combat Readiness Patrol (JCRP), representing the largest single-day figure since the Justice Mission exercise. Two additional JCRPs followed on February 19 (14 aircraft) and February 25 (30 aircraft). Outside these exercises, daily sortie counts typically ranged from two to thirteen aircraft, with several days recording zero detections. The final two days of the month, February 27 and 28, both recorded zero aircraft, indicating the onset of the quiet period associated with China’s annual Two Sessions legislative meetings, which extended through mid-March. The Chinese Military Commission (CMC) leadership purges that began in January 2026, including the dismissal of two senior vice-chairmen, may have reinforced this pattern of restraint by introducing additional institutional caution among theater-level commanders.

Figure 1. Daily PLA activity around Taiwan, February 2026. Gold stars denote JCRP days; shaded region marks the onset of the Two Sessions quiet period.

Monthly Trajectory: Post–Justice Mission Cooling

The decline from 270 sorties in January to 190 in February aligns with the broader pattern of post-exercise normalization observed after major PLA operations around Taiwan in recent years. The December 2025 Justice Mission exercise caused a significant spike in both single-day and monthly activity. The first two months of 2026 appear to reflect a return to a lower operational baseline rather than a strategic decision to permanently de-escalate. January 2026 remained elevated relative to the monthly averages of mid-2025, and February’s figure, while lower, falls within the range of monthly totals observed during non-exercise periods.

Figure 2. Monthly PLA sortie totals, 2024–2026. For 2026, January and February data are shown.

The frequency of joint combat readiness patrols offers a counterpoint to the overall decline in sortie numbers. February’s three JCRPs are comparable to January’s four, indicating that the PLA’s exercise tempo has not significantly slowed, even as routine patrol activity has contracted. This distinction between routine and surge operations is analytically important: reductions in daily sortie volume do not necessarily indicate a diminished PLA capacity or willingness to conduct large-scale operations on short notice.

At Sea: Naval Presence

PLAN vessel detections in the waters around Taiwan averaged 6.6 per day in February, with a peak of eleven vessels on a single day. These figures are broadly consistent with the range of 5-9 vessels that has characterized PLAN presence throughout 2025 and into 2026. The stability of naval posture during a month when air activity declined by nearly 30 percent from January highlights a structural feature of cross-strait military dynamics: the air and maritime components of PLA activity around Taiwan appear to operate under distinct operational logics and respond to different drivers.

Figure 3. PLAN vessel and official ship detections around Taiwan, February 2026.

This decoupling is analytically significant. Observers who track sortie counts as a proxy for cross-strait tension may interpret the January-to-February decline as evidence of easing pressure. However, naval data present a different perspective: the PLAN’s sustained presence at sea indicates that the military’s overall posture in the Taiwan Strait has not meaningfully contracted, even as the air component adjusts to post-exercise and politically sensitive rhythms.

Coast Guard Gray Zone Operations

China Coast Guard activity in Taiwan’s restricted waters constitutes a third, and often underreported, dimension of cross-strait pressure. From January through February 2026, the CCG conducted at least ten documented incursions: eight around Kinmen and two near Dongsha Island (Pratas). The Kinmen operations have developed into a recognizable pattern, typically involving two to four CCG cutters entering restricted waters for two to three hours before withdrawing. This approach appears designed to normalize a regular CCG presence in waters that Taiwan’s Coast Guard Administration considers under its jurisdiction.

Figure 4. CCG incursions into Taiwan’s restricted waters, January–February 2026, by location and vessel count.

The Kinmen incursions have involved a recurring set of CCG cutters, including hull numbers 14529, 14603, 14609, and 14530, suggesting a dedicated patrol rotation rather than ad hoc deployments. The Dongsha operations are qualitatively different. The February 6 incursion near Dongsha involved vessels 3501 and 3107, with the CCG presence lasting approximately eight hours. Although shorter than the extended dwell times observed in later months, the Dongsha deployments represent a more logistically demanding operation due to the island’s distance from Chinese territorial waters. Their continuation into February suggests an established rather than exploratory program.

Multi-Domain Overview

Figure 5. January–February 2026 multi-domain PLA activity: air sorties, naval presence, and CCG incursions.

An integrated view of all three domains during the first two months of 2026 reveals a more complex picture than any single metric suggests. Air activity has declined sequentially, reflecting sensitivity to both post-exercise normalization and political calendars. Naval presence has remained steady and largely unaffected by fluctuations in the air domain. Coast Guard incursions have continued at a pace consistent with an institutionalized patrol program. Analysts and policymakers assessing cross-strait dynamics should examine all three domains collectively, rather than relying solely on sortie counts as a barometer of PLA intent.

Figure 6. February air activity year-over-year: total sorties and median line crossings, 2024–2026.

Methodology & Sources

Air and naval detection data are drawn from daily press releases issued by Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense and compiled in the PLA Activity Center database maintained by Taiwan Security Monitor. Coast Guard incident data are compiled from Coast Guard Administration press releases and verified against contemporaneous media reporting. “Median line” refers to the informal centerline of the Taiwan Strait historically observed by both sides. “JCRP” denotes Joint Combat Readiness Patrols as designated by Taiwan’s MND. All analysis and commentary are by Taiwan Security Monitor.

© 2026 Taiwan Security Monitor. All rights reserved.

Author: Ethan Connell & Jonathan Walberg

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Key Findings

• In January 2026, Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense recorded 270 PLA aerial sorties around the island, a 21 percent decrease compared to the 340 sorties in January 2025. This month marks the first complete period of post-Justice Mission activity, following the December 29, 2025, exercise that deployed 130 aircraft in a single day.
• Four Joint Combat Readiness Patrols (JCRPs) occurred during the month, with the January 15 JCRP involving 34 aircraft, marking the highest single-day total. The consistent scheduling of JCRPs throughout January demonstrates that the PLA retains the capability for high-intensity, multi-platform demonstrations around Taiwan, despite a reduction in routine sortie volumes compared to 2025.
• PLAN vessel detections averaged 6.6 per day in January, with a peak of 11 vessels, aligning with the five-to-nine vessel baseline observed throughout 2025. Naval presence remained stable during the month and was largely unaffected by fluctuations in air activity.
• The Coast Guard Administration documented five CCG incursions into Taiwan’s restricted waters in January: four near Kinmen and one near Dongsha Island (Pratas). The January 14 Dongsha incident involved CCG vessel 3501, a larger-class cutter, highlighting a qualitative distinction in Beijing’s operational approach to these two locations.

January 2026 Air Activity

January 2026 opened a new chapter in the pattern of PLA air activity around Taiwan. The month’s total of 270 detected aircraft sorties, of which 166 entered Taiwan’s Air Defense Identification Zone, represents a 21 percent decline compared with January 2025’s 340 sorties. This figure must be read in context: the Justice Mission-2025 exercise of December 29, 2025, which saw 130 aircraft deployed around Taiwan in a single day, the largest such operation since comprehensive daily reporting began, may have temporarily exhausted forward-deployed assets and maintenance capacity in the Eastern Theater Command, contributing to a lower sustained tempo in the weeks that followed.

The daily pattern was characterized by a sawtooth rhythm: brief surges tied to Joint Combat Readiness Patrols, interspersed with days of minimal or zero activity. January saw 3 days in which no aircraft were detected (New Year’s Day, January 3, and January 11), punctuated by four JCRPs (January 8, 15, 23, and 29) that produced single-day peaks of 23, 34, 26, and 26 aircraft, respectively. The January 15 JCRP, involving 34 aircraft, was the month’s most significant single-day event and demonstrated multi-platform coordination across fighter, early warning, and anti-submarine warfare aircraft.

Figure 1. Daily PLA activity around Taiwan, January 2026. Gold stars denote JCRP days; shaded columns mark days with zero aircraft detected.

The removal of two senior Central Military Commission vice-chairmen in January, as part of an ongoing anti-corruption campaign within the PLA that had already affected several high-ranking officers in 2025, introduces an additional variable in interpreting the month’s air activity data. Although it is premature to establish a direct causal relationship between personnel changes and operational tempo, disruptions to command authority at the highest levels may have fostered institutional caution, potentially reducing routine sortie generation.

Monthly Trajectory: Where January Fits

January’s 270 sorties place the month at the low end of the range observed in recent years. For comparison, January 2024 recorded 331 sorties and January 2025 recorded 340. The year-over-year decline is more modest than the raw numbers might suggest: January historically sits below the annual average, as the PLA’s operational calendar typically builds toward spring and fall peaks. What distinguishes January 2026 is the extent to which the month was shaped by the aftereffects of the December 2025 Justice Mission exercise, which represented an operational high-water mark that appears to have drawn forward maintenance and logistics resources.

Figure 2. Monthly PLA sortie totals, 2024–2026. For 2026, only January data is available.

The frequency of joint combat readiness patrols in January 2026, totaling four events, surpassed the typical January cadence observed in previous years. This indicates that the decrease in total sortie volume has not corresponded with a reduction in the PLA’s readiness to conduct large-scale, multi-domain demonstrations on short notice, a trend warranting continued observation in the coming months.

At Sea: Naval Presence in January

In January, PLAN vessel detections in the waters around Taiwan averaged 6.6 per day, peaking at 11 vessels on January 14 and 15. These numbers align with the five-to-nine vessel baseline that has defined PLAN presence throughout 2025 and into the new year. The stability of naval posture during the post-Justice Mission period, when air activity was moderating, reinforces a key structural observation from Taiwan Security Monitor’s multi-domain tracking: PLAN presence around Taiwan follows a different operational cycle from PLA aerial activity, showing less sensitivity to the political and institutional factors that influence air sortie fluctuations.

Figure 3. PLAN vessel and official ship detections around Taiwan, January 2026.

Official and government ship detections remained generally low throughout January, with a notable increase on January 24 and 25, when three official ships were detected each day. This decoupling between air and naval activity is analytically significant: analysts focusing solely on sortie counts may interpret January’s data as evidence of moderation, yet the stable naval footprint demonstrates that the PLA’s overall maritime posture has not significantly diminished. China Coast Guard activity in Taiwan’s restricted waters constitutes a third, frequently underreported dimension of cross-strait pressure. In January 2026, the CCG conducted at least 5 documented incursions: 4 around Kinmen and 1 near Dongsha Island (Pratas). The Kinmen operations follow a recognizable pattern: typically three to four CCG cutters entering restricted waters near Liaoluo and Lieyu for two to three hours before withdrawing. Recurring hull numbers (14529, 14603, 14605, 14609, and 14533) indicate a dedicated patrol rotation rather than ad hoc deployments.

Figure 4. CCG incursions into Taiwan’s restricted waters, January 2026, by location and vessel count.

The January 14 Dongsha incursion differed qualitatively from the Kinmen pattern. CCG vessel 3501, a larger-class cutter, was detected west of Dongsha at 05:14 and remained in restricted waters for approximately eleven hours before departing. Although this duration was shorter than the twenty-five-hour dwell times observed at Dongsha in subsequent months, the deployment of a 3500-class cutter to Taiwan’s most remote holding indicates sustained interest in testing the Coast Guard Administration’s ability to maintain a presence at Dongsha, located approximately 450 kilometers southwest of the main island and over 300 kilometers from the nearest Taiwan-controlled port.

Multi-Domain Overview

Figure 5. January 2026 multi-domain PLA activity: air sorties, naval presence, and CCG incursions.

When considered across all three domains, January 2026 exhibits the characteristic pattern of multi-domain PLA pressure that the Taiwan Security Monitor has documented since the post-2022 period. Air activity was concentrated in distinct JCRP-driven surges, separated by extended periods of minimal activity. Naval presence remained steady and was largely uncorrelated with the daily fluctuations in air operations. Coast Guard incursions persisted along established geographic patterns, with the Dongsha deployment introducing a longer-range element to an otherwise Kinmen-focused gray-zone campaign.

Figure 6. January air activity year-over-year: total sorties and ADIZ crossings, 2024–2026.

Analysts and policymakers should avoid interpreting a reduction in one domain as indicative of an overall decrease in pressure. The combined multi-domain posture, encompassing air, naval, and coast guard activities, does not reflect a significant departure from the sustained pattern of PLA activity around Taiwan that has shaped the cross-strait military balance since August 2022.

Methodology & Sources

Air and naval detection data are drawn from daily press releases issued by Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense and compiled in the PLA Activity Center database maintained by Taiwan Security Monitor. Coast Guard incident data are compiled from Coast Guard Administration press releases and verified against contemporaneous media reporting. Japan ADIZ scramble data are sourced from Japan Joint Staff Office press releases and reporting by USNI News. “Median line” refers to the informal centerline of the Taiwan Strait historically observed by both sides. “JCRP” denotes Joint Combat Readiness Patrols as designated by Taiwan’s MND. All analysis and commentary are by Taiwan Security Monitor.

© 2026 Taiwan Security Monitor. All rights reserved.